LINKING WORDS

IN THIS CHART YOU WILL HAVE MANY RHETORICAL FUNCTIONS,WHICH WE USE MAINLY IN WRITING.BUT, WE ALSO USE THEM IN OUR DAILY SPEAKING.

*TRY TO GO OVER THE EXPRESSIONS AND  GIVE EXAMPLES OF YOUR OWN.

*PLEASE,WATCH ALSO THE VIDEO ON LINKING WORDS IN THE PAGE OF WRITING.

HOW TO EXPRESS	EXPRESSIONS	EXAMPLES
Addition of more  ideas	Moreover – besides – and –in addition -beside this –Further – furthermore – also….	*Young people are the lifeblood of our country.Moreover,they have determining roles in its development
Contrasting ideas تناقض	But – yet – however –nevertheless -nonetheless…..	*Young people are they the lifeblood of our country.However, they face huge challenges.
CAUSE-EFFECT السبب/النتيجة	Reason: Because – for the reason that….- ***WE CAN USE SOME VERBS TO EXPRESS CAUSE-EFFECT: X results in Y———- X causes Y ————– X leads to Y————- Effect: so – as a  result –  consequently –    therefore –then –  hence – as a  consequence-….	*Because a lot of young people don’t have jobs, they immigrate to other countries. *Young people don’t have jobs.Consequently, they immigrate to other countries. *lack of work opportunities causes (leads to) immigration. *lack of work opportunities results in immigration.
PURPOSE الغاية /الهدف	**To+verb inf – in order to+inf – so as to+inf PLEASE LOOK : **so that + Subject verb **with a view to+ gerund	*Young people immigrate to Canada to/in order to/so as to find jobs. *Young people immigrate to Canada so that they find jobs. *Young people immigrate to Canada with a view to finding jobs
EXEMPLIFYING	For example -         for instance – like  –        such as	*Young people have many assets. For example, they are energetic and ambitious. PLEASE LOOK *YOU CANNOT START A SENTENCE WITH such as or like —*Young people have many assets like/such as energy and strength.
SEQUENCING	First – second – besides –further – later – after this –subsequently -	*Young people have many assets.First,they are energetic. Second , they have higher aspirations.Later,they are always critical about all aspects of life……..
DEFINING/Explaining Making an idea clear	That is…- that is to say…-this means…- X means Y -   X is Y- X refer(s) to Y	*Brain drain means/is/refers to the emigration of talented people to other countries. *Many young people are highly ambitious. That is to say/that is they always want to have a better life

*EXERCISE:

Use these expressions to fill in the blanks: however-consequently – because  – too -for instance – yet – nevertheless-hence – as a result – otherwise – such as  - besides.
a- Pollution is very dangerous;……………………,people continue to produce waste.
b- We pollute our environment.  … ……………………we suffer from many illnesses.
c- We should do more reading at home.   …………………., we should write more essays.
d- Obese people suffer from many health problems. …………………heart diseases.
e- You should start working for your exam from now;……………..,you will not get through.
f- English is an international language; it is widely used in the internet………………
g-Women are struggling for equality.   ……………….,they have not attained it in many countries.
h-Hanan works hard in many subjects;……………….,she will get good grades in her exam.
Check your answers here.
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